Calculating Real GDP

Calculating Real GDP of an economy entails a general summation of the total output produced in an economy. The two main approaches for calculating this output are the Expenditure Approach and the Income approach. TheAdvertising We will write a custom essay sample on Calculating Real GDP specifically for you for only $16.05 $11/page Learn More Income approach focuses on the incomes which accrue from the totality of economic activities carried out within the economy. The expenditure approach on the other hand focuses on the values of total expenditure in the economy as per the different economic units in the country. This paper gives a mathematical representation of the expenditure approach to calculate the level of GDP and also assesses the effect of changes in some of the variables on the GDP. Generally, GDP=Consumption + Investment + Government Expenditure + Net Exports This can be summarized as Y= C + I + G + NX HoweverAdvertising Looking for essa y on business economics? Let's see if we can help you! Get your first paper with 15% OFF Learn More C=C0 + c1Yd Where Co is the autonomous level of consumption and C1 is the marginal propensity to consume. Yd is defined as (Y-T) and is called disposable income I=Io+I1Y Where Io is the autonomous level of investment and I1 the marginal propensity to invest. G=Go Where Go is the level of government expenditure determined outside the model. NX = X-M Where X is the level of exports and M the level of imports M=Mo+m1Y where Mo is autonomous level of exports and m1 the marginal propensity to import T=Tp where Tp are taxes as determined by government.Advertising We will write a custom essay sample on Calculating Real GDP specifically for you for only $16.05 $11/page Learn More Combining the equation gives Y=co+c1(Y-Tp) +Io+i1Y+Go+ (Xo-(mo+m1Y)) Hence Y= co+Io+Go+Xo-mo – c1Tp/ 1-c1-i1=m1 1-c1-i1=m1 Given that Autonomous consumption (Co) = 200 a utonomous investment (I0) = 200Advertising Looking for essay on business economics? Let's see if we can help you! Get your first paper with 15% OFF Learn More government spending = 100 export spending (X0) = 100 autonomous import spending (M0) = 100 taxes (Tp) = 0 marginal propensity to consume (c1) = 0.8 marginal propensity to invest (i1) = 0.1 marginal propensity to import (m1) = 0.15 Then Y= (200+200+100+100-100)/ (1-0.8-0.1+0.15) = 500/0.25=1,600 Exchange rates have significant effects on international trade. This is because they determine how much the local currency is valued in the international markets. Consequently, they affect the levels of imports and exports from the economy. Appreciation of the exchange rate has the effect of making imports cheaper in the domestic market while exports get expensive in the international markets. Depreciation of exchange rates on the other hand makes imports expensive in the local market while exports get cheaper in the international markets. In a case where the exchange rates cause autonomous imports to rise from 100 to 200 the GDP changes as shown below. The new level of Y is Y= (200+200+100+1 00-200)/ (1-0.8-0.1+0.15) = 400/0.25=1600 In the initial state the GDP level is 2000 a figure which is 400 higher than after the change in exchange rate. As mentioned above, the exchange rate is a conversion factor or a price relating local currency to international currency. This being the case, a rise in the autonomous imports would only result from an appreciation of the exchange rate. This is due to the fact that an appreciation in the exchange rate causes imports to be cheaper hence the same amounts used to purchase the autonomous imports can now purchase much more than before. It should be noted that the change in the GDP occasioned by the change in autonomous imports is much higher than the actual change in autonomous imports. This is due to the multiplier effect on the economy. In conclusion, exchange rate is an important component in the determination of the growth of GDP especially in economies where international trade contributes to a large portion of the GDP. It is alwa ys best to achieve stability of the exchange rates to avoid the scenario described above This essay on Calculating Real GDP was written and submitted by user Anaya Tate to help you with your own studies. You are free to use it for research and reference purposes in order to write your own paper; however, you must cite it accordingly. You can donate your paper here.

Job Seeker Success Survey Results Are Out!

Job Seeker Success Survey Results Are Out! This week the Career Thought Leaders Consortium published the results of a survey, conducted by Susan Whitcomb of TheAcademies.com and Caitlin Williams, PhD of DrCaitlinWilliams.com, entitled Job Seeker Success Survey Results. Today’s blog will summarize some of the main points of the survey; next week I will publish a story from one of my clients who succeeded in his job search because he did just about everything in this report as he conducted his job search. Three of the main topics covered in the survey were job seekers’ empowering self-talk, empowering actions, and effective job search strategies. These are areas where more is definitely better! Below you will find what worked for job seekers; I invite you to take on these practices and thought patterns if you haven’t already. EMPOWERING / MOTIVATING SELF-TALK â€Å"I can do this!† â€Å"I am perfect for this job!† â€Å"My current situation does not define me!† One of the most important factors in a successful job search is optimistic self-talk. The job search can be a daunting process, and job seekers need their own support to get through it. Telling themselves they are worth it and deserving, that there are positive aspects to their situation even if it’s challenging, and that they are a great fit for the jobs they’re applying for makes a big difference in mental mindset and ultimately in the results they get! Of course job seekers did have some disempowering self-talk as well, including doubting their abilities and believing they would fail, either because of their own perceived problems or the state of the job market. It is natural to have some negative conversation in our heads, and it’s important to become aware of it, bring it out into the open, and take any action possible to manage it. If you find yourself mired in negative self-talk, consider hiring a coach to help you pivot toward the positive. EMPOWERING / MOTIVATING ACTIONS â€Å"Talking with my coach.† â€Å"After the interview, I kept looking for a job even though I felt like the interview went well.† â€Å"Practice my 1-2 minute success stories that match the company’s needs.† Even more important than what job seekers said to themselves was what they DID. Of course the two are intimately intertwined, as positive thoughts often breed positive action. Successful job seekers took on the job search with gusto. They prepared thoroughly for each interview. They hired coaches. They focused on finding the best fit for their skills- not just on getting any job. Many leveraged their professional and social networks. A good percentage considered staying healthy and fit to be an essential component of their success. The least empowering job search activities included procrastination, stopping the search altogether, withdrawing from connections, making errors such as showing up late for interviews, and generally focusing on the negative. Again, having a coach on your side to help you turn around any negative job search patterns can be extremely valuable. MOST EFFECTIVE JOB SEARCH ACTIVITY Network, Network, and Network!! A significant 67% of job seekers indicated that networking and communicating with key contacts was their most effective job search activity. Of those who reported their job search took as long or shorter than expected, close to 80% said networking was their most effective activity. Are you getting the point? 20% said working with a coach or improving their skills in other ways, including enhancing their resume and cover letter writing abilities, was key to their success. ENCOURAGING NEWS FOR OLDER JOB SEEKERS Of those in the 56-60 age range responding to the survey, 64% had recently landed a new opportunity! Furthermore, age did not appear to have any relationship to how long it took to find a job. I see this as very encouraging news for this demographic. For more tips for older job seekers, see 17 Tips for Older Job Seekers Follow in the Footsteps of Winners! READ IT AND SHARE! If you are feeling stuck or discouraged in your job search, please take a few minutes to read the entire report Job Seeker Success Survey Results. You will likely learn something about your own mindset- and maybe even get inspired by the people in the survey group. Do you have success stories to share? I’d love to hear them! And be sure to tune in next week for a story of success from one of The Essay Expert’s clients.

Research Memo Assignment Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 500 words

Research Memo - Assignment Example Last but not least Lewis incurs other expenses in terms of purchases made for wigs, fake mustaches, fake beards and special clothing meant to make him appear heavier. According to IRC  §162 (a) deductions are permissible for all the conventional and indispensable outlays or sustained for the period of a tax year. All ventures or trade are, for this reason, taxable. IRC  §165(d) on the other hand applies to gambling losses by just stating that losses from wagering transaction are deductible to the extent of wagering gains. This provision serves to limit the usage of  §162 (a) to the charges made to cover gambling losses. In Offutt v. Commissioner, 16TC1214, the tax court decided that taxpayers’ losses cannot be covered with income from other sources or the gambler’s salary. This means that under limitation of  §165 and Offutt, Kevin’s gambling losses are only deductible to the extent of his gambling gains of $ 1000,000. In Mayo v. Commissioner, 136TC No 4, the tax court judged that a gambler’s business expenses incurred in the course of his trade are deductible under IRC  §162(a) even though these losses may not offset other income. The court reasoning in this case founded on the fact that the court in Mayo held that non-wagering expenses were not within the loss limitation defined by sec 165and reversed Offutt on this matter. To further strengthen the judgment, the court in Mayo quoted Boyd v. Commissioner, 56 AFTR 2d 85-5266, which indicated that restrictions of  §165(d) do not take into account more than direct expenses from wagering. The Boyd case also gave a clear difference in losses arising from wagering and expenses associated with the gambling activities. It, for this reason, makes it easy and clear that the limitation of the  §165(d) does not affect peripheral expenses. This provision, for this reason, implies that losses resulting from direct wagering are subject to the

Investment & privet banking Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 3250 words

Investment & privet banking - Essay Example ts of the developing countries but to those markets that are exposed in high risks because of their structure – for example the USA market is a risky one as USA is a global center of commerce; at the next level, USA has an extremely high export activity which means that appropriate mechanisms need to exist for the management of the relevant funds. Particular reference is made to the USA market because the specific market is closely related with current recession – a phenomenon that led to the need for immediate update of existing investment practices. More specifically, the last decade the firms operating in the US financial sector have promoted a specific investment tool: the sub-prime loans. These financial products were initially considered as an appropriate solution for a high profit; however, the potentials for repayment of the loans on which these products were based were not taken into consideration. At the same time, a specific framework of banking activities wa s formulated: the private banking (or wealth management). Private banking has been a secure (alternative) solution for those investors that would like to increase their wealth through innovative investments decisions and proactive investment planning. Indeed, the private banking helped the market to be kept stable when the recession was initially developed – in early 2008. However, the private banking has a weak point (which is considered also as its advantage): it is provided only to customers with high investment ability (those customers that their wealth is extremely high). When the recession first appeared the private banking, as noted above, helped to minimize – as possible – the effects of the crisis. However, it was soon proved that investors that had chosen the specific mode of banking support had suffered severe financial losses. Managers in the banking sector worldwide started then to integrate the private banking in other sectors of their organization s. The specific issue has

The Performance Management Quandary Research Paper

The Performance Management Quandary - Research Paper Example Performance Management takes on multiple shapes and sizes in differing organizations and they are indeed different. Additionally, the firms with a high performing culture as expected utilize performance management methodologies and tools to their benefit a case which is not evident with the firms which are lower performers. However, performance management approaches must be appropriate for the firm’s size and business maturity. This is to ensure that the costs which would otherwise add onto the firm’s burden would be reduced drastically. Further, as Millennial enter and continue to dominate the mix of the workforce, organizations should prepare to modify their Performance Management strategy to accommodate the impatient parties. The performance management process and systems should align with the needs/desires of millennial group to make sure they stay to help the firms realize their objectives. Because of the diverse nature of most organizations and the objectives for improved performance by most organizations, one single form of performance management systems would not be appropriate hence from research we have several to be applied in an organization depending on the uniqueness of the organization. The available most frequently used types of management systems will include: - Ranking, Forced distribution, 360 degree feedback, competency based, management by objectives, Graphic Rating scales, Behavioral Anchored Rating Scales and many others. The types of performance management systems as stipulated below are all relevant systems which are geared towards enabling any given organization to bust their performance strategies as appropriate as possible. As a matter of fact, this forms of

Why People Commit Suicide Essay

Why People Commit Suicide Essay Suicide is a very complex subject triggered by various multifaceted factors. The failure to meet ones expectations which may have been instilled as early as childhood may bring about a wide variety of emotions leading to people committing suicide for various reasons. Depression, physical or sexual abuse, horrible disappointments, severe financial loss, mental or emotional disorders, all trigger feelings of emptiness and hopelessness and are just some of the few psychological factors which may influence an individuals final and distorted decision of committing suicide as a means to put an end to these insufferable emotions. The foregoing, however, is just a superficial analysis touching merely upon the surface of the deep-seated source of suicide. This paper will thus attempt to provide a more in depth analysis of why people commit suicide by looking primarily at the sociological factors and in particular in relation to Durkheims work. Durkheim defines suicide as a general state of extreme depression and exaggerated sadness, causing the patient no longer to realize sanely the bonds which connect him with the people and things about him -pleasures no longer attract [Durkheim, 1951:63]. Durkheim further stated that man cannot become attached to higher aims and submit to a rule if he sees nothing above him to which he belongs to free him from allsocial pressure is to abandon him to himself and demoralize him [Durkheim,1951:110]. In Durkheims Interdiction To Suicide: A Study in Sociology, Durkheim expresses his concern in developing the conduct of sociology. He sees the main problem to be that sociology is mostly constructed on philosophical overviews, and does not answer the exact social questions. He suggests a methodology that will give the science of sociology strong baselines and real results. In his book, Durkheim applies these propositions and shows how sociology should be conducted, and firmly draws conclusions that expose to us the way in which we should be able to approach the difficulties of society. This study has been presented in such a way that it is probable to assess the relevance and accuracy of its meanings and deductions. Durkheim gives the importance of sociology far more than being just a tool to fix the world, but it is a lens, through which we see reality as a shared reality, one included of individuals who are determined by their realities.In this introductory chapter he investigates the act of suicide and explores its social roots by examining suicide rates in different social classes and correlating that with the characteristics of the society.(Durkheim, 1970) A differentiation is made between two types of suicide, positive and negative. In Durkheims words suicide is thus described as all cases of death resulting directly or indirectly from a positive or negative act of the victim himself, which he knows will produce this result [Durkheim, 1986:64]. A positive performance would be to discharge or to suspend an act. In this case, death comes as a straight product of the action. A negative act would be the scenario of remaining in a burning house or to refuse eating to the point of hunger. Death in this case is the indirect result of an individuals act. Durkheim believed that the areas with the highest rates of mental illnesses and alcoholism are not necessarily the areas with the highest suicide rates. Esquirol wrote that suicide may be seen to be for us only a phenomenon resulting from many different causes and appearing under many different forms; and it is clear that this phenomenon is not characteristic of a disease. [Esquirol, 1838:528]. Durkheim believed that suicide is not an individual act nor a personal achievement. It is produced by some power which is over and above the individual. Durkheim studied suicide vis a vis the relationship between individuals and society affirmed that suicide is a social phenomenon as well as establishing that there are no societies in which suicide does not occur. He asserted that what most people regard as an individual act is, in reality, the result of the social world. The evidence supporting this view are numerous. In addition to the stark differentiation made between positive and negative acts of suicide, Durkheims research concluded that the institution of marriage protects against suicide making the observation that suicide rates are higher among people that have lost their spouse and those who are divorced. Furthermore, Durkheim observes that suicide rates are higher among couples who have no children than couples who do, concluding that a human being needs to be loved and have a purpose in life. People who do not experience love in their life are the ones more susceptible to suicide. (Durkheim, 1951). The institution of marriage may thus play a vital role in ones decision to commit suicide. Whether marriage should be viewed positively in relation to suicide is however debatable. While on the one hand marriage may play a role in protecting against suicide by providing love, purpose, and stability in ones life it may, on the other hand, be a volatile institution that once shattered may inste ad be an instigator of suicide. Durkheim interestingly further observed that suicide rates are higher during times of peace than times of war because during the war people need to be unified in defending their country (Durkheim, 1951). This observation may, therefore, suggest that feelings of patriotism, honour as well as purpose tends to distant an individual from suicide. Furthermore, suicide rates also tend to be higher during rapid economic changes than in economic crises as rapid economic changes are sudden and difficult to endure. (Durkheim, 1951). This observation made by Durkheim may suggest that people are required to work harder in such economic times constantly being pushed to their limits in order to keep up with such rapid changes bringing about feelings of despair, restlessness and being under appreciated. According to Durkheims research, religion may also have an affect on suicide rates. Durkheims collected data suggested that Protestants are more likely to commit suicide than Catholics, due to the fact that Protestants are more idiosyncratic while Catholics are more communitarian (Durkheim, 1951). In other words, Catholics tend to have more social support. According to Durkheim people connecting and validating each other within a community plays an important role in preventing suicide making this kind of social integration important. Without this type of connection, people may experience feelings of depression and isolation pushing them towards suicide. Durkheim, however, seemed to identify two sides of the coin in relation to social integration, pointing out that where social integration is high people are more likely to commit suicide in order to avoid becoming burdens to society. Two distinct features are therefore identified by Durkheim; namely, social regulation and social integ ration. Integration is described as the degree to which collective sentiments are shared and regulation refers to the degree of external constraint on people[Ritzer, 1992:90]. Based on these two social forces, four types of suicide have been proposed by Durkheim. Durkheim differentiated between four types of suicide, the first being egoistic suicide. Egoistic suicide is viewed as stemming from an absence of social integration and is committed by people who are outcast by society and are insufficiently integrated into social groups and societies, they depend more on themselves than on a group of objectives and instructions. They are not socially combined or not socially tied to a community or group. These types of individuals find themselves powerless in finding their own individual place in society and experience problems adjusting to other groups and are given little or no social care. Suicide is therefore perceived as a solution to free themselves of the loneliness or excessive isolation. Durkheim points out that this type of suicide is mostly prevalent amongst those who are unmarried, widowed, divorced, have no children as well as those without any strong attachments to religious, social or community groups.(Durkheim,1951) The second type of suicide identified by Durkheim is anomic suicide. Anomic suicide is viewed by Durkheim as disillusionment and disappointment occurring when a person goes through extreme changes in wealth and is ultimately caused by a lack of social regulation. This type of suicide is most notable at times when society is rapidly changing leading to uncertainty. It is a type of suicide that stems from sudden and unexpected changes which Durkheim found mostly occurs during rapid economic changes than in economic crises. Durkheim interestingly points out that suicide is more evident in crisis that brings out disturbances in ones life rather than being attributed to poverty[Durkheim,1951:245]. Altruistic suicide is the third type of suicide that has been identified and according to Durkheim, this type of suicide occurs when individuals or a group are too close and intimate and stems from being overly integrated into society. It is the other side of the spectrum in social integration when an individual is so well integrated into society that they choose to sacrifice their own life in order to fulfil some obligation. Altruistic suicide, being a complex concept, can further be broken down into three types: optional, acute and obligatory altruistic suicide. Optional altruistic suicide is brought about by societal pressures that may, in fact, be well-intentioned. This can be seen in Japan where there is a high level of suicide amongst students because of stress and high expectations from others and the constant pressure to excel at school exams. Often the accompanying stress and anxiety push them to commit suicide; suicide in the victims perspective becomes the answer to freedo m of oppression from what society expects individuals to be. Acute altruistic suicide occurs when an individual kills himself in order to save another life. For example when a fire-fighter saves a person from a burning fire but the fire-fighter dies as a result. This is an act of heroism and self-sacrifice. It could be argued that it may by flawed to categories this as a type of suicide because suicide is mainly associated with a troublesome and stressed life, when in fact such an act may be a form of the righteous act. Obligatory altruistic suicidal refers to a type of suicidal where respect and honour plays an important factor. For example in India, Hindu women should kill themselves during their husbands funeral as an act of honour expressing that life after the death of their spouse was not worth living. If women from these communities insisted on living the y would lose public respect; in some cases, the usual funeral honours are denied, in another a life of horror is supposed to await him beyond the grave (Durkheim,1951).Connect these two paragraphs. Durkheim points out that altruistic suicide is part of the collective spirit (Durkheim,1970). For example, when the spirit inquires you to do something you are obliged to do so and which we, therefore, see in environments where society places a substantial amount of pressure and expectations on individuals which may, in turn, push an individual towards suicide as a means of escape. The final type of suicide is fatalistic suicide. Durkheim discussed this type briefly because it was seen as a rare phenomenon in the real world. Fatalistic suicide occurs in social conditions where an individual experiences universal persecution resulting from excessive regulation whose passions [were] violently choked by oppressive discipline(Durkheim,1970). Slavery and persecution are examples of fatalistic suicide in which an individual may feel that they are destined by fate to be in such conditions and choose suicide as the only means to escape such conditions These four types of suicide are categorised by the degree of integration and regulation of individuals in their surrounding society. According to Durkheim people commit suicide because of either too high or too low integration or regulation, Suicide is a social fact and is due to social forces. Individuals are more likely to commit suicide each time the condition of society leaves from a state of stability. Society preserves stability by integration and regulation Durkheims work has been critiqued on many grounds, for example, his emphasis on consensus and morality , thanhis positivist method and negligence of the individual as an actor, his description of suicide rates. Durkheims concept of suicide is thought to be more reinforced by argument than by fact. However, he is contributed to the growth of sociology and over a difficult theoretical framework To conclude suicide is not an individual act it is a social act. People commit suicide because they are not supported by society or they do not feel loved by their own family. If a person has no support in his life and no one to care about thenthey can feel valueless and this will lead to depression which may lead to suicide. Suicide rates are correlated with how well a person is integrated into society and the degree to which society regulates individual behavior. In general, suicide has some connection with social rules or standards and the individual.

The Shy Girl Essay -- Personal Narrative Writing

The Shy Girl Ever since I can remember, I was naturally quiet and shy. I constantly repeated myself because people could not hear me the first time. Even then, I seldom made eye contact with others. When I entered high school, nothing changed. Soon afterward, I disliked the way my classmates thought of me. If someone had to make an announcement in class, I was not chosen; my classmates believed I was not vocal enough. If someone threw a party, I was not invited because they thought "Shy girls" would not want to come. Most of my classmates attracted a great deal of attention. No one willingly associated with me. Not only did my classmates see me as quiet and shy, but they made me start believing it, too. Ashamed, I wanted some way out. I wanted my words to stick with people. I wanted them to think, "Louisa said†¦." I tried participating in class more and sharing my opinions, but that did not help. Whenever I made a comment, one of two things happened: I did not get the credit for my comment, or no one took me seriously. I felt helpless. The ninth grade production of The Tempest changed my life. My teacher, Mrs. Massand, gave me a part in the play and I no longer appeared quiet and shy. Although Mrs. Massand assigned the whole class a part in the play, she appointed me as, Stephano, the drunk, a major role. Her choice surprised me and my classmates. Stephano's character seemed so unlike mine; he was loud and silly. My first thought was, "How is a quiet girl like me going to play the part of a boisterous drunk?" Until now my classmates convinced me that I was simply quiet and shy. Now the play required me to show another side of myself. We began the play by reading the text out loud and becoming comfortable with t... ...t scene, I was marching around in a circle shouting, "Ban, ban, Ca-Caliban!" At the end of the performance, the audience was bursting with cheer. Then Mrs. Massand had us individually take a bow. When it was my turn to bow, the audience gave me the standing ovation. I was never more excited. As I exited the stage, almost every classmate stopped me to say, "Wow Louisa, you were the best!" At that moment I realized I could be loud, silly, and talented. My ninth grade performance in The Tempest made my last years in high school a success; acting and reciting the words of Stephano made my growth in confidence possible. What I once thought was an everlasting label of shyness proved removable after all. My classmates saw another side to me, and I was glad that I was not labeled as a quiet and shy girl anymore. That year I came in like a lamb and went out like a lion.